Elastin remodeling: Does it play a role in priming the malignant phenotype of oral mucosa?

Background: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic tissue that provides nutrition and support to overlying epithelium. During tumorigenesis, the tumor microenvironment (TME) dysregulates the ECM. This is reflected by morphological changes seen in collagen and elastic fibers and is thought to facilitate metastasis. Aim: To study the degradation of elastic fibers in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) using histochemistry and to correlate it to the TNM stage of OSCC. Materials and Methods: Tumor cores from 38 cases of OSCC (well-differentiated[15], moderately differentiated[14], and poorly differentiated[9]) and 15 incisional biopsies of OED were analyzed. Hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff's–Van Gieson (VVG) stains were used. The stained sections were assessed for morphological changes in elastic fibers. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 software. Fisher's exact, Kruskal–Wallis, one-way ANOVA, and Turkey post hoc tests were used to establish significance (P ? 0.05). Spearman's correlation test was used to correlate elastin fiber degradation with TNM stage of OSCC. Results: All grades of OSCC showed absence of elastic fibers around the tumor islands. Elastic fiber degradation (fragmented and clumped type fibers) increased proportionately with the grade and TNM stage of OSCC. In OED, A significant reduction in the amount of elastic fibers with increasing grade was noted. Conclusion: A positive correlation was noted between elastin degradation and grade and stage of OSCC. Therefore, it may be implicated in tumor progression of OSCC.

New Therapeutic Perspective Based on Anacardium humile in the Treatment of Skin Wound Infected by Staphylococcus aureus

This is a literature review with the objective of presenting scientific evidence about the therapeutic importance of the use of Anacardium humile for the treatment of infected skin wounds. Retrospective and analytical study carried out from 1999 to 2021, in the Bireme, UpToDate, Pubmed and Scielo databases. The association of the descriptors “Phytotherapy” was used; “Cerrado and Pantanal Plants”; “Wounds contaminated by bacteria”; “elastic fibers”. Of the 248 articles analyzed, 36 were included in the review because they met the inclusion criteria. Among the results, it was evidenced that the conventional treatments, although effective (the gold standard being Sulfadiazine 1% silver), present toxicity to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with this, it is concluded that further research will be necessary to prove the effectiveness of new treatment options or association of herbal medicines with treatment.

Atrophoderma of pasini and pierini on the head and trunk of a 32 year-old male: A case report

@#Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (APP) is an idiopathic disorder of dermal atrophy, presenting as round or oval depressed lesions most commonly observed on the trunk and extremities. Herein, we report the first case of APP initially appearing on the head. Histopathologic examination of lesional skin demonstrated a decrease in elastic fibers. Serologic tests for Borrelia and antinuclear antibody titers were negative. There was no noted improvement after 6 weeks tretament with Hydroxycholoroquine 200 mg/tab BID. Definitive disease etiology and treatment of APP remains to be elucidated.

Morphological analysis of the elastic and collagen fibers in the ram penis / Análise morfológica de fibras elásticas e colágenas no pênis de ovinos

The penis represents the organ of the male's copulation. It is essential to know the reproductive biology and the morphology of the reproductive organs to increase animal production. In order to contribute to this knowledge and provides information on the ram reproductive morphology, the purpose of this work was to describe the distribution, based on light microscopy, of the collagen and elastic fibers in the ram penis. For that, were collected transverse fragments of the penis (root, sigmoid flexure, body and glans) of seven rams. The specimens were fixed in paraformaldehyde for 24h and destined for the histological routine. The extracellular matrix of the ram penis was composed of collagen and elastic fibers. The penis was enveloped by the tunica albuginea, consisting essentially of collagen fibers, which were arranged in two layers: an outer longitudinal and an inner circular. This tunic emitted septa that penetrated the corpus cavernosum. The elastic fibers appeared transversely and longitudinally in the corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, and next to the neurovascular bundle of the penis. This structure was not different to that reported for other domestic ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes.(AU)

O pênis representa o órgão da cópula do macho. É fundamental que se conheça a biologia reprodutiva e a morfologia dos órgãos reprodutores para o incremento da produção animal. Com o objetivo de contribuir para este conhecimento e fornecer informações sobre a morfologia reprodutiva de ovinos, o propósito deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuição, com base na microscopia de luz, das fibras colágenas e elásticas no pênis de ovinos. Para tanto, foram coletados fragmentos transversais do pênis (raiz, flexura sigmoide, corpo e glande) de sete ovinos. Os exemplares foram fixados em paraformaldeído por 24h e destinados à rotina histológica. A matriz extracelular do pênis de ovinos estava constituída por fibras colágenas e elásticas. O pênis estava envolvido pela túnica albugínea, formada essencialmente por fibras colágenas, que estavam arranjadas em duas camadas: longitudinal externa e circular interna. Esta túnica emitiu septos que penetraram no corpo cavernoso. As fibras elásticas apareceram de modo transversal e longitudinal nos corpos cavernoso e esponjoso e junto ao feixe vásculo-nervoso do pênis de ovinos. Esta estrutura mostrou-se similar ao encontrado em outros ruminantes domésticos como bovinos e bubalinos.(AU)

Estudo da relação entre as fibras elásticas cutâneas e a ptose mamária em pacientes submetidas à cirurgia de implante mamário / Study of the relationship between cutaneous elastic fibers and breast ptosis in patients undergoing breast implant surgery

Introdução: Diferentes técnicas e abordagens para a introdução de implantes mamários já foram descritas. Entretanto, estes mesmos estudos não levam em conta a natureza das propriedades cutâneas e suas consequências. A presença de ptose e alterações nas fibras elásticas cutâneas pode interferir na contratilidade, elasticidade, resiliência da pele e, consequentemente, no resultado da cirurgia de implantes para aumento mamário. Métodos: Por meio de um estudo transversal retrospectivo, foram avaliados os registros em prontuário médico de pacientes submetidas ao procedimento de implante de aumento mamário no período entre abril de 2011 a abril de 2013. Dados sobre o grau de falência das fibras elásticas e ptose mamária foram coletados e para todas as análises estatísticas foi considerado um valor de p de 0,05. Resultados: Das 70 pacientes elegíveis, a média de idade foi 33,2 ± 9,3 anos. A ausência de falência das fibras elásticas cutâneas estava presente em 44,2% da amostra. Para os níveis 1 (discreta), 2 (moderada) e 3 (acentuada), constatou-se as prevalências 12,8%, 24,4% e 18,5%, respectivamente. A ptose e a falência das fibras elásticas apresentaram correlação de r = 0,67 e p < 0,001. Conclusões: O estudo dos elementos de ptose mamária e fibras elásticas cutâneas permitiu avaliar os seus variados graus de apresentação. Sugere-se a proposta de estudos prospectivos para o melhor entendimento da relação causal entre falência das fibras elásticas e ptose mamária.

Introduction: Different techniques and approaches have already been described for the introduction of breast implants. However, these same studies do not take into account the nature of the cutaneous properties and its consequences. The presence of ptosis and degeneration of the elastic fibers can interfere in the contractility, elasticity, resilience of the skin and, consequently, the outcome of implant surgery for breast augmentation. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed, with evaluation of the medical records of patients undergoing breast augmentation implant procedure from April 2011 to April 2013. Data on the degree of degeneration of the elastic fibers and breast ptosis were collected and a p value of 0.05 was considered for all statistical analyses. Results: Of the 70 eligible patients, the mean age was 33.2 ± 9.3 years. An absence of degeneration of the elastic fibers was present in 44.2% of the sample. A prevalence of 12.8%, 24.4% and 18.5% was found for level 1 (mild), 2 (moderate) and 3 (severe) ptosis, respectively. The correlation between ptosis and the degeneration of the elastic fibers was r = 0.67, p < 0.001. Conclusions: The study of the elements of breast ptosis and cutaneous elastic fibers enabled the evaluation of their varying degrees of presentation. Prospective studies are suggested for a better understanding of the causal relationship between the degeneration of the elastic fibers and breast ptosis.

Pathological observation of degenerative aortic valve disease / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate the normal aortic valve histological manifestation and histopathological changes of degenerative aortic valve.Methods In Tianjin Chest Hospital,there were patients due to aortic valve disease undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,and in 22 cases,their pathological aorta tricuspid valves were successfully excised from May 2009 to May 2010.The aortic valve tissues were collected,and according to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the degenerative calcified aortic valves with stenosis,they were divided into pathological valvular calcification locus group and non calcification locus group.Six morphologically normal aortic valve tissues were taken as a control group.The situation of collagen fibers,elastic fibers and collagen content in normal and disorder valves were analyzed by using of IDA-2000 high definition color medical image analysis system.Results With the naked eye,the thickness of the valve leaves with stenosis was increased,and at the valve leaf close to the side of arota,calcified foci were produced.Under light microscope,inflammatory changes were found in the aortic valve endothelium,in the tubular wall,there were aggregations of newly formed capillary with relatively thin wall,cholesterol crystals,cells similar to foam cells and diffuse and nodular calcification commonly seen,Compared with the normal valve,the ratio between collagenous and elastic fibers no matter at calcified or non-calcified region was greater in pathological valve [(3.19-± 1.01)％,(2.62-± 0.34)％ vs.(1.89-± 0.29)％,both P ＜ 0.05],collagen content (ratio =collagen/valve area) was also higher [(65.17 ± 11.48)％,(39.25-± 11.15)％ vs.(22.99 ± 4.78)％,P ＜ 0.05] in pathological valve,and the changes in calcified region were more significant than those in non-calcified region (both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Proliferation of collagen and degradation of elastic fibers are obvious in degenerative aortic valve,and the changes are more prominent at calcified region.

Morphological analysis of collagen and elastic fibers in oral squamous cell carcinoma using special stains and comparison with Broder’s and Bryne’s grading systems.

Objectives: Morphologic detection of connective tissue fiber changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using special stains remains less documented. The aims of the present study were to study the collagen and elastic fibers in different stages of OSCC and to correlate these changes with two grading systems ‑ Broder’s and Bryne’s. Study Design: Forty‑eight cases of OSCC were studied using hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff’s ‑ Van Gieson stain for elastic fibers and picrosirius red stain for collagen fibers. The changes were compared with all the grades of carcinoma. Normal mucosa was taken as control. Results: Statistical analysis using Chi‑square and ANOVA, showed significant association between the grades of carcinoma and extracellular matrix changes. Greenish‑yellow collagen fibers were found to be significantly increased in the poorly differentiated/Grade 3 cases (P < 0.0001) where as well‑differentiated/Grade 1 cases showed predominantly reddish‑orange and yellowish‑orange birefringence of collagen fibers. Chi‑square analysis showed a significant amount of fragmented pattern of elastic fibers in poorly differentiated OSCC (χ2 = 104.45, P = 0.009)/Grade 3 OSCC (χ2 = 94.81, P = 0.016). Conclusion: The study of the connective tissue stromal changes can be used as an adjunct to histological grading and thereby helping the surgeon to determine the amount of marginal clearance.

Elastolisis de la dermis media: Comunicación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Mid dermal elastolysis: A case report and review

Describimos el cuadro clínico de un paciente, que presenta placas y pápulas con aspecto de piel arrugada en papel de cigarrillo, localizadas en abdomen. El estudio histopatológico muestra ausencia de fibras elásticas, en una banda que compromete la porción media de la dermis. La elastolisis de la dermis media es una afección infrecuente, adquirida, idiopática o secundaria a un proceso inflamatorio previo, caracterizada por la pérdida focal de tejido elástico en la dermis media y sin compromiso extra cutáneo.

We describe a patient presenting plaques and papules -like wrinkled cigarette paper-, located in abdomen. Histopathological study shows absence of elastic fibers in a band that compromised the middle portion of the dermis. Mid dermal elastolysis is a rare, acquired idiopathic condition characterized by focal loss of elastic tissue in the middle dermis without extra cutaneous involment.

Estudo histológico e histoquímico da pele de jurará Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) / Histological and histochemical study of the skin of the muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar histológica e histo- químicamente a pele do jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides). Foram utilizados seis animais (três machos e três fêmeas). Os animais foram eutanasiados com dose letal de tiopental sódico a 2,5%, para colheita de fragmentos de pele mole das patas e pescoço do animal, que após a fixação em líquido de Bouin, foram incluídos em parafina e corados pelas técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina, Giemsa, Sirius red, Reticulina de Gomori e Fucsina-resorcina de Weigert. Os resultados revelaram que a pele do jurará é delgada e composta de epiderme e derme. A epiderme é formada por estrato germinativo constituído por uma única camada de células cilíndricas; estrato espinhoso apresentando duas ou três camadas de células poliédricas; o estrato granuloso não foi observado nos exemplares estudados O estrato córneo apresenta uma delgada camada de queratina mole. Na derme, os fibroblastos foram as células mais freqüentes e as fibras colágenas formavam feixes espessos dispostos em várias direções. No método do Picro Sirius Red sob luz polarizada observou-se que, independente da região analisada, há predomínio de fibras colágenas tipo I em relação ao colágeno tipo III. Foi também observados mastócitos em pequena quantidade e fibras elásticas na região subepidérmica. Concluiu-se que a pele de Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides possui características semelhantes a dos demais vertebrados (anfíbios, aves e mamíferos), apresenta peculiaridades, como por exemplo, a ausência de papilas dérmicas e glândulas...

The aim of this paper was to study the histology and histochemistry of the skin of six specimens of muçuã (three males and three females). The animals were euthanized through a lethal dose of sodium thiopental at 2.5%. Fragments of the soft skin were fixed in Bouin's solution and processed for inclusion in paraffin. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa, Sirius red, Gomori's reticulin and Weigert's fuchsin-resorcin. The results revealed that the skin is thin and constituted by epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up by one layer of cylindrical cells of stratum germinativum, two or three layers of poliedric cells of stratum spinosum, but without stratum granular. The stratum corneum consists of a thin layer of soft keratin. In the dermis, the fibroblasts were the most frequent cells and collagen fibers formed a thick bound displayed in several directions. The Sirius red under polarized light showed that type I collagen was predominant when compared with the occurrence of type III collagen. Mast cells were also found, and elastic fibers were seen in the subepidermic layer. We concluded that the skin of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides has histological features similar to other vertebrates (amphibia, aves, mammalia), however without dermal papillae and glands...

Structural changes of dilated pelvic ureters in adults

PURPOSE: To perform a quantitative assessment of different types of pelvic ureter tissues with chronic dilation in adults, using stereological methods. METHODS: We analyzed fragments of dilated pelvic ureters obtained from 6 patients aged between 35 and 67 years (mean, 46 years) who underwent ureteral reimplantation surgery for different reasons. The obstruction duration ranged from 27 to 180 days (mean, 93 days). The control group included fragments of normal pelvic ureters obtained during nephrectomy in 7 kidney transplant donors (age: range, 25-51 years; mean, 36 years). The volumetric density of collagen in the ureter, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fibers was assessed. RESULTS: The volumetric density (Vv) of collagen showed no significant difference between the two groups (control: 45.3 ± 6.1; dilated: 40.8 ± 6.9; P = 0.23). A statistically significant increase in Vv of elastic fibers was observed in the dilated ureters (control: 18.4 ± 1.2; dilated: 24.6 ± 5.4; P = 0.03). A statistically significant increase in the Vv of smooth muscle fibers was observed in the dilated ureter (control: 42.0 ± 6.0; dilated: 56.2 ± 6.1; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The chronically dilated pelvic ureters had significantly more elastin and smooth muscle contents than the controls. .

Expression of advanced glycation end-products in photoaging skin / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To detect the expression of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the sun exposure and non-exposure skin,to observe the elastic protein in the same location,and to explore the relationship between non-enzymatic glycation reactions and,photo-aging skin morphological changes.Methods In the exposure and non-exposure specimens from 30 patients,elastic fibers were stained with Gomori staining,and immunohistochemistry for AGEs was performed.Results AGEs expressed clearly positive in all elastic fibers of degeneration markedly (+ + above) of exposure skin,and appeared line-like in markedly(+ + above)elastic fibers.While in all non-exposure skin,AGEs expressed negative.In the exposure skin with middle or old age,compared with non-exposure skin,AGEs expressed more and elastic fibers were hyperplasia with thickening,curling and irregular distribution.The skin parts of AGEs expressed accorded with where elastic fibers degenerated.Conclusions Ultraviolet radiation can induce denaturation of elastic fibers and non-enzymatic glycation may contribute to the mechanism of skin photo-aging.

Stereological study of the elastic fiber and smooth muscle cell system in the bovine and buffalo penis / Estereologia do sistema elástico e das células musculares lisas no pênis fibroelástico zebuino e bubalino

Samples of ten penises of Mediterranean buffaloes and ten penises of Red Sindhi cattle were used. The thickness of the tunica albuginea (TA), distribution of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and volume density (Vv) of elastic system fibers in TA, corpus cavernosum (CC) and corpus spongiosum (CS) were evaluated. The Vv of elastic system fibers in buffalo and bovine penis was respectively 4.07% ±0.88% and 3.36% ±1.21% in TA; 17.32% ±2.21% and 13.14% ±1.27% (CC), 26.58% ±4.31% and 31.36% ±3.67% (CS). The CC of buffalo presented higher Vv of elastic fibers than bovine, while in the CS the Vv of elastic fibers in buffaloes was smaller than in cattle. The TA thickness showed a significant difference among the species studied. The arrangement of SMC in the bovine penises and in the water buffalo suggests that this pattern is common to animals that have fibroelastic penises.

O pênis dos zebuinos e bubalinos são classificados como do tipo fibroelástico, sendo grande parte de sua rigidez conferida pelas fibras colágenas e elásticas presentes na matriz extracelular. Embora alguns estudos tenham abordado estes componentes em bovinos europeus, os dados na literatura sobre zebuínos e bubalinos são escassos. Nós avaliamos a espessura da túnica albugínea, a distribuição das células musculares lisas e a densidade volumétrica (Vv) das fibras do sistema elásticona túnica albugínea, no corpo cavernoso e esponjoso do pênis de animais jovens adultos inteiros.Foram utilizados 10 fragmentos de pênis de búfalos da raça Mediterrâneo e 10 fragmentos de pênis de bovinos da raça Red Sindi. Os fragmentos de pênis foram processados de acordo com a técnica histológica de rotina para inclusão em parafina e corados pela Fucsina Resorcina de Weigert, Picro Sirius Red, Tricrômio de Gomori e anticorpo anti α actina. As fibras elásticas foram determinadas em 25 campos aleatórios de cada fragmento, utilizando o sistema teste modelo M42. A Vv das fibras do sistema elástico no pênis do búfalo e bovino foram(média e desvio padrão respectivamente) de 4,07% ±0,88 e 3,36% ±1,21 na túnica albugínea; 17,32% ±2,21 e 13,14% ±1,27 no corpo cavernoso; 26,58% ±4,31 e 31,36% ±3,67 no corpo esponjoso, respectivamente. Houve diferença na Vv das fibras elásticas entre as duas espécies, no corpo cavernoso e no corpo esponjoso. Na espessura da túnica albugínea houve diferença significativa entre o búfalo Mediterrâneo (1,4mm ±0,11) e o bovino Red Sindi (1,76mm ±0,23). Nas duas espécies, as fibras musculares lisas foram encontradas apenas associadas ao endotélio de revestimento dos seios cavernosos. Com base nestes resultados, podemos concluir que existem diferenças na proporção entre os componentes da matriz extracelular nas espécies estudadas, fato que deve ser considerado nos procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos veterinários e continua a ser investigado.

Distribution of elastic fibers in the head and neck: a histological study using late-stage human fetuses / 대한해부학회지

There is little or no information about the distribution of elastic fibers in the human fetal head. We examined this issue in 15 late-stage fetuses (crown-rump length, 220-320 mm) using aldehyde-fuchsin and elastica-Masson staining, and we used the arterial wall elastic laminae and external ear cartilages as positive staining controls. The posterior pharyngeal wall, as well as the ligaments connecting the laryngeal cartilages, contained abundant elastic fibers. In contrast with the sphenomandibular ligament and the temporomandibular joint disk, in which elastic fibers were partly present, the discomalleolar ligament and the fascial structures around the pterygoid muscles did not have any elastic fibers. In addition, the posterior marginal fascia of the prestyloid space did contain such fibers. Notably, in the middle ear, elastic fibers accumulated along the tendons of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles and in the joint capsules of the ear ossicle articulations. Elastic fibers were not seen in any other muscle tendons or vertebral facet capsules in the head and neck. Despite being composed of smooth muscle, the orbitalis muscle did not contain any elastic fibers. The elastic fibers in the sphenomandibular ligament seemed to correspond to an intermediate step of development between Meckel's cartilage and the final ligament. Overall, there seemed to be a mini-version of elastic fiber distribution compared to that in adults and a different specific developmental pattern of connective tissues. The latter morphology might be a result of an adaptation to hypoxic conditions during development.

The microfibril-elastin fiber system distribution in left atrioventricular valve of the rat / Distribución del sistema de microfibrillas y fibras de elastina en la valva atrioventricular izquierda de la rata

The microfibril-elastin fiber system, an important constituent of the extracellular matrix, was studied in the rat left atrioventricular valve to investigate the interrelationship of oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers in left atrioventricular valve morphology. The elastin fibers forms continuous bundles observed along the length of the valve in atrial and ventricular layers and oriented parallel to endothelium. The elaunin and oxytalan fibers are distributed in the thickest fiber bundles along the length of the valve. The thinner fibers which radiated towards both the atrial and spongiosa layers, either as isolated or arborescent fiber bundles were identified as oxytalan fibers. With transmission electron microscopy elastic fibers were seen mainly in the atrial layer. The spongiosa layer was composed of elaunin and oxytalan fibers and ventricular layer showed elaunin fibers arranged in continuous bundles parallel to the endothelium. Both fibrillin and elastin were seen and identified by immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold in the left atrioventricular valve spongiosa and atrial layers. These observations allow us to suggest that the microfibril-elastin fiber system plays a role in the mechanical protection and maintenance of the integrity of the rat left atrioventricular valve.

Fue estudiado el sistema de fibras microfibrillas-elastina, un componente importante de la matriz extracelular, en la valva atrioventricular izquierda de rata, con la finalidad de investigar la interrelación de oxitalán, elaunin y fibras elásticas en la morfología de dicha valva. Las fibras de elastina forman paquetes continuos a lo largo de la valva en las capas atriales y ventriculares, orientadas paralelamente al endotelio. Las fibras de elaunin y oxitalán se distribuyen en haces de fibras más gruesas a lo largo de la valva. Las fibras más delgadas, las cuales se irradiaban hacia las capas atrial y esponjosa, ya sea como haces de fibras aisladas o arborescentes, fueron identificadas como fibras oxitalán. En la capa atrial a través de microscopía electrónica de transmisión se observaron principalmente fibras elásticas. La capa esponjosa estaba compuesta por fibras de elaunin y oxitalán; la capa ventricular mostró fibras de elaunin dispuestas en haces continuos paralelos al endotelio. Tanto fibrilina y elastina se observaron e identificaron por inmunocitoquímica con oro coloidal en las capas esponjosa y atrial de la valva atrioventricular izquierda. Estas observaciones nos permiten sugerir que el sistema de fibras de elastina-microfibrillas tienen participación en la protección mecánica y la mantención de la integridad de la valva atrioventricular izquierda en la rata.

Structure and concentration of elastic system fibers in the trachea of the rat / Estructura y concentración del sistema de fibras elásticas en la tráquea de la rata

The extracellular matrix is a key element in the tracheal morphology and physiology, both in normal and pathological states, yet little is known regarding its composition and organization. Herein we carried out a detailed study of the morphological organization and volumetric density of elastic system fibers in the trachea of Wistar rats. Six Wistar rats at the age of 45 days were used. The trachea was excised following anesthesia with Thiopental and perfusion through the left ventricle with buffered saline followed by formalin solution. Samples were fixed in formaline, embedded in paraffin, and histologically processed. The elastic system fibers were evaluated at light microscopy by using Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin technique after oxidation with oxone. Morphometric studies were performed by the point-counting method. Quantities were expressed ( percent, mean) as volumetric densities and were determined on 25 random fields for each animal. Elastic system fibers were identified beneath the tracheal mucosa showing mainly a longitudinal profile. There were also some bundles of oblique fibers in this region, forming an irregular network of elastic tissue. Close to the inner surface of the cartilaginous ring, a well defined circular layer is present. The volumetric density of the elastic system fibers in the trachea of Wistar rats is 2.46 +/- 0.99 percent. The data in the present study provides original information regarding the elastic system fibers of the rat trachea, which might be used as a model for studying human major airway morphology. The results reported herein provide the basis for continuous investigations on tracheal extracellular matrix by stereology.

La matriz extracelular es un elemento clave en la morfología y fisiología de la tráquea, tanto en estados normales como patológicos. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de su composición y organización. Se llevó a cabo un estudio detallado de la organización morfológica y la densidad volumétrica de fibras del sistema elástico en la tráquea de ratas Wistar. Se utilizaron seis ratas Wistar edad de 45 días de vida. La tráquea fue extraída después de anestesia con tiopental y la perfusión a través del ventrículo izquierdo con solución salina tamponada seguido de solución de formalina. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formalina e incluidas en parafina y se procesaron histológicamente. Las fibras del sistema elástico fueron evaluadas en microscopía de luz utilizando la técnica de Weigert, resorcina-fucsina después de la oxidación con Oxone. Los estudios morfométricos fueron realizados por el método de conteo de puntos. Las cantidades se expresaron ( por ciento, media) como la densidad volumétrica y se determinaron en 25 campos al azar para cada animal. Las fibras elásticas del sistema fueron identificadas por bajo la mucosa traqueal que muestra principalmente un perfil longitudinal. También se encontraron algunos haces de fibras oblicuas en esta región, formando una red irregular de tejido elástico. Cerca de la superficie interna del anillo cartilaginoso, una capa bien definida circular está presente. La densidad volumétrica de las fibras del sistema elástico en la tráquea de ratas Wistar fue de 2,46 +/- 0,99 por ciento. Los datos del presente estudio proporcionan información inicial sobre las fibras del sistema elástico de la tráquea de rata, que puede ser utilizado como un modelo para el estudio de la morfología de las vías respiratorias humanas. Los resultados reportados en este documento constituyen la base de investigaciones continuas en la tráquea de la matriz extracelular por estereología.

Inactivation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves reduces pulmonary remodeling in guinea pigs with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation

Pulmonary remodeling is an important feature of asthma physiopathology that can contribute to irreversible changes in lung function. Although neurokinins influence lung inflammation, their exact role in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling remains to be determined. Our objective was to investigate whether inactivation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves modulates pulmonary ECM remodeling in animals with chronic lung inflammation. After 14 days of capsaicin (50 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle administration, male Hartley guinea pigs weighing 250-300 g were submitted to seven inhalations of increasing doses of ovalbumin (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL) or saline for 4 weeks. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, animals were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated and the lung mechanics and collagen and elastic fiber content in the airways, vessels and lung parenchyma were evaluated. Ovalbumin-exposed animals presented increasing collagen and elastic fiber content, respectively, in the airways (9.2 ± 0.9; 13.8 ± 1.2), vessels (19.8 ± 0.8; 13.4 ± 0.5) and lung parenchyma (9.2 ± 0.9; 13.8 ± 1.2) compared to control (P < 0.05). Capsaicin treatment reduced collagen and elastic fibers, respectively, in airways (1.7 ± 1.1; 7.9 ± 1.5), vessels (2.8 ± 1.1; 4.4 ± 1.1) and lung tissue (2.8 ± 1.1; 4.4 ± 1.1) of ovalbumin-exposed animals (P < 0.05). These findings were positively correlated with lung mechanical responses to antigenic challenge (P < 0.05). In conclusion, inactivation of capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers reduces pulmonary remodeling, particularly collagen and elastic fibers, which contributes to the attenuation of pulmonary functional parameters.

Penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa with abnormal "lumpy-bumpy" elastic fibers in lesional and non-lesional skin.

Four types of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) have been described in literature: 1) idiopathic EPS, 2) reactive perforating elastosis associated with connective tissue disorders, 3) in some instances of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), disease-specific calcified elastic tissue is extruded, producing a clinical picture indistinguishable from other types, may also be seen in patients undergoing hemodialysis and 4) EPS induced by long-term treatment with D-penicillamine is observed in patients suffering from Wilson's disease. Long term D-penicillamine therapy causes an alteration in the dermal elastic tissue. D-penicillamine induced EPS has a distinctive histopathologic feature - serrated appearance of elastic fibers due to perpendicular budding from their surface giving a "lumpy-bumpy" look. D-penicillamine induced elastic fiber alteration may not always manifest clinically as EPS. We report a case of D-penicillamine induced widespread alteration in skin elastic tissue with distinct histopathologic features.

Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of extracellular matrix changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: The biology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including its progression from dysplasia to carcinoma, "field effects", genetic changes in tumor associated mucosa (TAM) and effect of matrix metalloproteinases in breaking down of matrix proteins to facilitate invasion, has been well documented. However, what remains to be done is to extrapolate this knowledge to improve patient care. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes with the routine histochemical stains available to most histopathologists. Materials and Methods: The study includes 72 cases of OSCC in which the tumor and adjacent normal appearing areas were sampled to study the ECM changes with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Verhoeff's-Van Gieson elastic stain (VVG). Results: Basophilic fragmentation of collagen (H and E) and clumped short elastic fibers (VVG) were seen in 12 (16.7%) cases. Of the remaining cases, 18 (25%) had a dense lymphocytic infiltrate and had no demonstrable elastic fibers. Those cases with H and E changes were further studied and compared with normal mucosa for ultrastructural changes. The ultrastructural study demonstrated an increase in oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers and decrease in collagen fibers with some transformation changes associated with OSCCs and lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Changes in transformation of collagen to elastic fibers and also the loss of both the fibers in areas of lymphocytic infiltration possibly indicate degradation of ECM fibers by factors released from the lymphocytes or tumor cells and the limiting effect on the tumor by ECM remodeling.

Composição da matriz extracelular do ligamento cardinal de mulheres na pós-menopausa com e sem prolapso uterino / Composition of extracellular matrix of the cardinal ligament in postmenopausal women with and without uterine prolapse

O prolapso uterino tem sua incidência aumentada na pós-menopausa. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as alterações na matriz extracelular do ligamento cardinal associadas à menopausa e ao prolapso uterino. Ligamento cardinal de três diferentes grupos de mulheres, pré-menopausa, prolapso uterino e pós-menopausa, foram identificados e biopsiados durante 57 histerectomias abdominais ou vaginais. As amostras foram processadas por métodos bioquímicos para caracterização e quantificação de glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados e colágeno. As concentrações relativas de glicosaminoglicanos foram obtidas por eletroforese. Procedimentos histológicos foram feitos para identificar fibras elásticas (Weigert), distribuição de colágeno (Picro Sirius) e decorin (imunohistoquímica). Nossos resultados mostraram aumento na concentração de GAG de 72,2%, redução na concentração de colágeno de 37% e diminuição de 22% de fibras elásticas no grupo de prolapso uterino quando comparado ao grupo da pós-menopausa (p<0,05, p<0,04 e p<0,05 respectivamente). As concentrações relativas de glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados para condroitin sulfato, heparan sulfato e dermatan sulfato não mostraram diferenças entre os três grupos. A organização do colágeno foi similar entre os três grupos e a marcação do decorin pareceu estar diminuída no grupo de prolapso uterino. Nossos resultados indicam alterações no metabolismo do tecido conjuntivo. O ligamento cardinal da mulher na pós-menopausa possui uma matriz extracelular mais densa. Esta alteração não ocorre na mulher com prolapso uterino.

Uterine prolapse has increase of incidence after menopause. The aim of this study was to identify the changes in extracellular matrix of cardinal ligaments associated to menopause and uterine prolapse. Cardinal ligament of 3 different groups (pre-menopause, menopause and uterine prolapse) are identified and biopsied during 57 women's abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Biopsy specimens were assessed by biochemical methods to characterize and quantify sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen. Relative concentrations of GAG were obtained by electrophoresis. Histological procedures are made to identify elastic fibers (Weigert) collagen distribution (Picro sirius) and decorin (immunohistochemistry). Our results showed increase in GAG concentration 72.2% in uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.05). Collagen concentration was 37% lower in uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.04). Relative concentration of GAG: heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate showed no differences among three groups. Elastic fibers showed a significant reduction of aproximately 22% uterine prolapse group compared to menopause group (p<0.05). Collagen organization was similar in three groups and the staining pattern of decorin seemed to be decreased in uterine prolapse group. Our results indicate changes in connective tissue metabolism. Cardinal ligament in postmenopausal women has a denser extracellular matrix. This change is not observed in women with uterine prolapse.

Histomorphometric and sympathetic innervation of the human internal thoracic artery

INTRODUCTION: Internal thoracic artery (ITA) is an established arterial graft for the coronary artery by-pass surgery. Special micro-anatomical features of the ITA wall may protect it from age related pathological changes. One of the complications seen after coronary artery bypass grafting is vasospasm. Sympathetic nerves may be involved in vasospasm. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the sympathetic innervation of the internal thoracic artery and to assess the effect of aging on this artery by histomorphometry. METHOD: Fifty-four human internal thoracic artery samples were collected from 27 cadavers (19 male and 8 female) with ages of 19 to 83 years. Samples were divided into three age groups: G1, 19-40 years; G2, 41-60 years; G3, >61 years. Sections (thickness 5 mm) of each sample were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson stains. Five of fifty-four samples were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. RESULTS: The thickness of the tunica intima was found to be constant in all age groups, whereas the thickness of the tunica media decreased in proportion to age. Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining showed numerous elastic laminae in the tunica media. Significant differences (p<0.0001) in the number of elastic laminae were found between G1 with G2 cadavers, between G2 and G3 cadavers and between G3 and G1 cadavers. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining demonstrated sympathetic fibers, located mainly in the tunica adventitia and the adventitia-media border. The sympathetic nerve fiber area and sympathetic index were found to be 0.0016 mm² and 0.012, respectively. DISCUSSION: Histology of the ITA showed features of the elastic artery. This may be associated with lower incidence of Atherosclerosis or intimal hyperplasia in ITA samples even in elderly cases. Low sympathetic index (0.012) of ITA may be associated with fewer incidences of sympathetic nervous systems problems (vasospasm) of the ITA. CONCLUSION: Sympathetic ...